Chelostoma rapunculi (Lepeletier, 1841)

Apis fuliginosa Panzer, 1798: 16 []. Preoccupied, not Apis fuliginosa Scopoli, 1770; not Apis fuliginosa Christ, 1791.

Heriades rapunculi Lepeletier, 1841: 406 [♀].

     Type ♀. FRANCE [location of type material unknown].

Heriades nigricornis Nylander, 1848: 269 [♂, ♀]. Synonymy by Benoist (1928: 107).

     Syntypes ♂, ♀. “in Fennia” [FINLAND] [location of type material unknown].

Chelostoma inerme Eversmann, 1852: 74 [♂, ♀]. Synonymy of Chelostoma nigricorne (Nylander, 1848) by Schletter (1889: 640), by Schwarz et al. (1996: 116).

     Syntypes ♂, ♀. “in promont. Uralensib., in provinciis Orenburgensi et Simbirscensi” [Russia] [Russian Academyof Sciences, St. Petersburg].

Heriades casularum Chevrier, 1872: 505 [♀]. Synonymy of Heriades nigricornis Nylander, 1848 by Schletterer (1889: 641).

     Syntypes ♀. “Environs de Nyon” [SWITZERLAND] [Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle – MHNG, Genève, or Natural History Museum Basel – Basel].

Chelostoma proximum Schletterer, 1889: 643 [♂]. Synonymy by Müller (2015: 411).

     Holotype ♂. “Transkaukasien (Kussari)” [AZERBAIJAN] [Natural History Museum Wien].

Osmia (Acanthosmia) archanensis Cockerell, 1928: 353 [♀]. Synonymy of Chelostoma fuliginosum (Panzer, 1798) by Tkalcu (1967: 94).

     Holotype ♀. “Archan” [RUSSIA], BMNH (London).

Osmia (Acanthosmia) platyodonta Cockerell, 1928: 352 [♂]. Synonymy of Chelostoma fuliginosum (Panzer, 1798) by Tkalcu (1967: 94).

     Holotype ♂. “Irkutsk” [RUSSIA], BMNH (London).

Heriades confusa Benoist, 1934: 158 [♂]. Synonymy by Müller (2015: 411).

     Lectotype ♂, designated by G. van der Zanden, in Müller, 2015: 411). “Environ d’Alger” [ALGERIA] [Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle – MNHM, Paris].

Taxonomic Notes: Tkalcu (1967: 94) considered C. fuliginosum (Panzer) as valid species and indicated that Frey-Gessner (1905: 102) made the previous synonymy of H. casularum Chevrier under Panzer’s species; this does not seem to be the case as Frey-Gessner (1905) simply is repeating the earlier synonymies of F. Morawitz (year not provided) and Schletterer (1889) of “H. casularum = nigricornis Nyl.” Eickwork (1981) used the older, preoccupied name C. fuliginosum for this species when it, and C. campanularum (Kirby) were documented in the USA (New York State) for the first time.

Though Müller (2015: 411) credits the synonymy of Chelostoma inerme Eversmann under C. rapunculi (Lepeletier) to Schwarz et al. (1996), it had previously been treated as synonymy of C. nigricorne (Nylander) by Morawitz (1867: 69) and Schletter (1889: 640), the former suspecting that both were likely synonymys of C. rapunculi. Eversmann (1852: 74) credited the name to Herrich-Schäffer (1840: 98) which was followed by Smith (1854: 221) who considered it a valid species and mentioned Eversmann’s citation (i.e, Eversmann 1852: 74) under this as a synonym. Dalla Torre (1896: 378) followed Morawitz (1867: 69) and Schletter (1889: 640) in considering C. inerme Herrich-Schäffer a synonymy of Eriades nigricornis Nylander, but most subsequent works (Schwarz et al. 1996; Müller 2015) have credited the name to Eversmann, likely because the name “inerme” appears only once in Herrich-Schäffer (1846), and no other details are provided (qualifying as nomen dubium). Schwarz et al. (1996: 116) indicated that the name Chelostoma inerme was preoccupied (i.e., not Zetterstedt, 1838), though more recent treatments (i.e., Müller 2015: 411) do not mention this. Zetterstedt (1838: 466) described Anthophora inermis Zetterstedt (= Osmia inermis (Zetterstedt)) in that work, and Herrich-Schäffer (1846: 98), Dalla Torre (1896: 374) and likely othrs have included Anthophora Ill[iger]. (not Latreille, 1803) as a synonymy of Chelostoma Latreille, the latter as a subgenus of Eriades Dalla Torre and Friese [=Heriades Spinola].

DNA Barcode Index Number (BIN): BOLD:AAA7122

Biology: This species is conidered oligolectic on Campanula (Campanulaceae), though will possibly visit related plant genera (Müller 2015). It builds its nest in linear pre-existing cavities in wood, such as old insect burrows and drilled borings in dead wood or bark, including trap-nests, but will also used hollow plant stems and glass tubes (Müller 2022).

Its nest material includes mud mixed with nectar (and probably saliva) for nest cell partitions and the end plug; small pebbles and other small particles are added to the outer surface of the latter. Nests in the Old World are attacked by Stelis minuta, though there is no evidence that it has also established in North America. (Benoist, 1929a; Bonelli, 1967d; Brechtel, 1986; Käpylä, 1978; Müller, 2015b; Rozen and Praz, 2016; Ruszkowski et al., 1995; Stoeckhert, 1933; Westrich, 1989; Kornmilch, 1995; Ivanov et al., 2019.)

Distribution in Canada: Buck et al. 2006 [ON]; Normandin et al. 2017 [QC]; Rowe 2017 [ON, QC].