Anthidium atrifrons Cresson, 1868
Properties
Scientific Name: Anthidium atrifrons Cresson, 1868
Common Name: Anthidium atrifrons
Taxonomy
Anthidium atrifrons Cresson, 1868: 387 [♀].
Lectotype ♀, designated by Cresson (1916: 112). USA, New Mexico [ANSP no. 2726].
Anthidium atriventre Cresson, 1878: 111 [♀]. Synonymy of A. emarginatum (Say) by Griarick and Stange (1968: 21); of A. atrifrons Cresson by Gonzalez and Griswold (2013: 264).
Lectotype ♀, desingated by Cresson (1916: 112). USA, California [ANSP no. 2392].
Anthidium saxorum Cockerell, 1904: 57, 72 [♂]. Synonymy of A. emarginatum (Say) by Griarick and Stange (1968: 21); of A. atrifrons Cresson by Gonzalez and Griswold (2013: 264).
Holotype ♂. USA, California, Rock Creek, by Dr. Davidson [AMNH].
Anthidium collectum var. ultrapictum Cockerell, 1904: 73 [♂]. Synonymy of A. emarginatum (Say) by Griarick and Stange (1968: 21); of A. atrifrons Cresson by Gonzalez and Griswold (2013: 264).
Holotype ♂. USA, California, Tehachapi, by Dr. Davidson [AMNH].
Anthidium (emarginatum?) var. Titusi Cockerell, 1904: 58, 73 [♂]. Synonymy of A. emarginatum (Say) by Griarick and Stange (1968: 21); of A. atrifrons Cresson by Gonzalez and Griswold (2013: 264).
Holotype ♂. USA, Colorado, Fort Collins, 13 June 1900, by E.S.G. Titus [AMNH].
Anthidium bernardinum var. aridum Cockerell, 1904: 58, 76 [♂]. Synonymy of A. emarginatum (Say) by Griarick and Stange (1968: 21); of A. atrifrons Cresson by Gonzalez and Griswold (2013: 264).
Holotype ♂. USA, California, Rock Creek, by Dr. Davidson [AMNH].
Anthidium fresnoense Cockerell, 1925: 347 [♀]. Synonymy of A. atriventre titusi Cockerell by P.H. Timberlake, in Michener (1951: 1139), of A. emarginatum (Say) by Griarick and Stange (1968: 21); of A. atrifrons Cresson by Gonzalez and Griswold (2013: 264).
Holotype ♀. USA, California, Fresno County, Huntington, at 7000 ft., 12 July 1919, by E.P. Van Duzee [CAS no. 1729].
Anthidium angulatum Cockerell, 1925: 357 [♂]. Synonymy of A. emarginatum (Say) by Griarick and Stange (1968: 21); of A. atrifrons Cresson by Gonzalez and Griswold (2013: 264).
Holotype ♂. USA, California, Fresno County, Huntington, at 7000 ft., 7 July 1919, by E.P. Van Duzee [CAS no. 1737].
Anthidium hamatum Cockerell, 1925: 358 [♂]. Synonymy of A. atriventre atriventre Cresson by P.H. Timberlake, in Michener (1951: 1139), of A. emarginatum (Say) by Griarick and Stange (1968: 21); of A. atrifrons Cresson by Gonzalez and Griswold (2013: 264).
Holotype ♂. USA, Utah, Mt. Timpanogos, 8 July 1922, by E.P. Van Duzee [CAS no. 1739].
Anthidium spinosum Cockerell, 1925: 359 [♂]. Synonymy of A. atriventre atriventre Cresson by P.H. Timberlake, in Michener (1951: 1139), of A. emarginatum (Say) by Griarick and Stange (1968: 21); of A. atrifrons Cresson by Gonzalez and Griswold (2013: 264).
Holotype ♂. USA, California, Fallen Leaf Lake, 11 July 1915, by E.C. Van Dyke [CAS no. 1740].
Anthidium lucidum Cockerell, 1925: 361 [♂]. Synonymy of A. atriventre titusi Cockerell by P.H. Timberlake, in Michener (1951: 1139), of A. emarginatum (Say) by Griarick and Stange (1968: 21); of A. atrifrons Cresson by Gonzalez and Griswold (2013: 264).
Holotype ♂. USA, California, Fresno County, Huntington Lake, at 7000 ft., 20 July 1919, by F.C. Clark [CAS no. 1743].
Anthidium sculleni Schwarz, 1930: 10 [♂]. Synonymy of A. atriventre Cresson by Schwarz (1940: 2, footnote 3), of A. emarginatum (Say) by Griarick and Stange (1968: 21); of A. atrifrons Cresson by Gonzalez and Griswold (2013: 264).
Holotype ♂. USA, Oregon, Wallowa Lake, on the Aneroid Lake Trail, at 5000 to 6000 feet, 22 July 1929 [CAS no. 12030].
Taxonomic Notes: Cresson (1879: 221), Dalla Torre (1896: 459), Swenk (1914: 15), Michener (1951: 1140), and Grigarick and Stange (1968: 21) considered A. atrifrons Cresson a synonym of A. emarginatum (Say, 1824); subsequently Grigarick and Stange (1968: 21) treated most of the other taxa listed above as synonyms of A. emarginatum until Gonzalez and Griswold (2013: 265) resurrected the name from synonymy with the taxa listed aboved treated as synonyms of this taxon, not A. emarginatum, and are so credited.
The names Anthidium saxorum Cockerell, Anthidium (emarginatum?) var. Titusi Cockerell, and Anthidium bernardinum var. aridum Cockerell were first mentioned in a key (Cockerell 1904X) but described in the next paper in the series (Cockerell 1904Y). Schwarz (1928: 372) considered the latter as a valid species.
Gonzalez and Griswold (2013: 265) indicated that this species was partially sympatric with A. emarginatum, though occurred at higher elevations.
Biology: This species shows a strong preference for Phacelia, but is polylectic (Gonzalez and Griswold 2013; Griswold et al. 2014). Nothing has been reported on its nesting biology (Gonzalez and Griswold 2013), though the absense of a fringe of hairs on the front basitarsis, which when present is used to excavate nests in sandy soils, suggests that it using pre-existing cavities, possibly in the ground. Gonzalez and Griswold (2013) indicated that some of the records of A. emarginatum (Say) are possibly this species.
Distribution in Canada: Schwarz 1928 [BC, as Anthidium atriventre Cresson]; Michener 1951 [BC, as Anthidium atriventre atriventre Cresson]; Sheffield and Heron 2019 [BC].
Despite the earlier published record of this specie from Canada (Schwarz 1928; BC, Keremeos 1 July 1923, by C.B. Garrett), Gonzalez and Griswold (2013) did not record this species from Canada. More recently, it has been found in Osoyoos (BC, Osoyoos West Bench, 49.003, -119.491, 12 June 2016, by C. Dawson and J. Heron [RSKM_ENT_E-133988].
Extent of Occurrence (EOO) in Canada (http://geocat.kew.org/): N/A [known from two sites]
Approximate Global Extent of Occurrence (EOO) (http://geocat.kew.org/): 2,165,428 km2
Index of Area of Occupancy (IAO) in Canada (http://geocat.kew.org/): 8 km2
Body length: ♀ 7.5–10 mm ♂ 11.5–13.1 mm
Forewing length: ♀ 6.3–6.8 mm ♂ 7.7–8.9 mm
References
Dalla Torre CG (1896) Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Volume X: Apidae (Anthophila). Engelmann, Leipzig, 644 pp.
Sheffield CS, Heron JM (2019) The bees of British Columbia (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Apiformes). Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 115: 44-85.https://journal.entsocbc.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/1001/1097
Cresson ET (1879) Catalogue of North American Apidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 7: 215-232.
Cockerell TDA (1925) Anthidiine bees in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Fourth Series 14(15): 345-367.
Michener CD (1951) Family Megachilidae. In: Muesebeck CF, Krombein KV, Townes HK (Eds) Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico Synoptic Catalog. 2. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Monograph, Washington. Pp. 1136-1186.
Grigarick AA, Stange LA (1968) The pollen-collecting bees of the Anthidiini of California (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Bulletin of the California Insect Survey 9: 1-113.
Schwarz HF (1928) Anthidiinae collected mostly in Canada (Hymenop). The Canadian Entomologist 60(9): 212-217.https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent60212-9
Cockerell TDA (1904) The bees of southern California. III. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 3: 56-60.
Cockerell TDA (1904) The bees of southern California. IV. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 3: 72-76.
Schwarz HF (1930) Anthidiine bees from Oregon with a description of a new species. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 38(1): 9-14.
Cresson ET (1868) Catalogue of a small collection of Hymenoptera made in New Mexico during the summer of 1867. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 1: 375–388. https://doi.org/10.2307/25076186
Cresson ET (1878) Descriptions of new North American Hymenoptera in the collection of the American Entomological Society. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 7: 61–136. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25076368
Gonzalez VH, Griswold TL (2013) Wool carder bees of the genus Anthidium in the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): diversity, host plant associations, phylogeny, and biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 221-425. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12017
Griswold T, Gonzalez VH, Ikerd H (2014) AnthWest, occurrence records for wool carder bees of the genus Anthidium (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Anthidiini) in the Western Hemisphere. ZooKeys 408: 31-49.https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.408.5633
Swenk MH (1914) Studies of North American bees. II. Family Stelididae. University Studies of the University of Nebraska 14(1): 1-36.
Sociality: Solitary
Nesting: Cavity Renter
Pollen Specialization: Polylectic
Wintering Stage: Mature Larva
Crop Preference: Not Available
Non Crop Preference: Phacelia hastata, Senecio sp., Phacelia sp., Cryptantha sp., Heracleum maximum, Chaenactis sp.
Distribution: British Columbia
Ecozone: Western Interior Basin